Educational reference

A Library for a closer look.

Explore compounds, their mechanisms and the evidence. Peptides, proteins, blends, non-peptides and unresolved identities are distinguished here.

What do the evidence labels mean?
120 entriesSource snapshots · evidence limitations apply

5-Amino-1MQ

5-Amino-1MQ is an experimental small-molecule NNMT inhibitor, not a peptide.

Preclinical researchNon-peptide

ACE-031

ACE-031 is an investigational soluble activin-receptor fusion protein that binds myostatin and related ligands.

Human trialsProtein

Acetic Acid 0.6%

Acetic acid is the defined small molecule CH3COOH, PubChem CID 176, not a peptide. The catalog’s 0.6% description alone does not identify an injectable product.

Anecdotal or unverifiedNon-peptide

Adipotide (FTPP)

Adipotide is an experimental peptidomimetic designed to target blood vessels in white fat. Its animal weight-loss findings do not establish a safe human obesity treatment.

Preclinical researchModified peptide

ADP355

ADP355 is an experimental peptide agonist of adiponectin receptors.

Preclinical researchPeptide

ADP399

ADP399 is an experimental branched dimer developed from ADP355.

Preclinical researchPeptide

AHK-Cu

AHK-Cu is an alanine–histidine–lysine copper complex studied in isolated human hair follicles and cultured dermal papilla cells. That is laboratory research, not evidence that a scalp product reverses hair loss in patients.

Preclinical researchModified peptide

AICAR

AICAR in this entry means acadesine, or AICA-riboside: a non-peptide research compound. Mouse exercise experiments and human cardiac-surgery trials answer different questions; neither establishes a personal endurance or longevity regimen.

Human trialsNon-peptide

Amycretin

Amycretin is a single-molecule investigational GLP-1 and amylin receptor agonist.

Human trialsPeptide

AOD-9604

AOD-9604 is a synthetic 16-amino-acid peptide: growth-hormone residues 177–191 with an added N-terminal tyrosine. It was investigated for obesity. Free base and acetate are distinct drug substances; a generic “HGH fragment” label does not verify an exact product.

Human trialsPeptide

Apraglutide

Apraglutide is a long-acting GLP-2 analogue studied in short bowel syndrome with intestinal failure.

Human trialsPeptide

ARA-290 (Cibinetide)

ARA-290 is an erythropoietin-derived investigational peptide designed to separate tissue-protection signaling from red-cell production.

Limited clinical evidencePeptide

Argireline

Argireline is acetyl hexapeptide-8, investigated in topical wrinkle formulations.

Limited clinical evidencePeptide

ATN-161

ATN-161 (Ac-PHSCN-NH2) is a fibronectin-derived integrin antagonist pentapeptide.

Human trialsPeptide

Bacteriostatic Water

HealthFirst/Hospira Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, 30 mL. This snapshot covers the named U.S. presentation only.

Approved product existsNon-peptide

BAM15

BAM15 is a small-molecule mitochondrial uncoupler, not a peptide. It is included as a related research compound.

Preclinical researchNon-peptide

BPC-157

BPC-157 is a synthetic 15-amino-acid research peptide with extensive laboratory literature and a small, heterogeneous human evidence base. Human reports include local knee and bladder treatment and a two-person IV pilot; these do not establish routine injury treatment or product safety.

Limited clinical evidencePeptide

Cagrilintide

Cagrilintide is a long-acting amylin analogue studied for weight management; it is a component of the separately studied CagriSema combination.

Human trialsPeptide

CagriSema

CagriSema denotes coadministration of cagrilintide and semaglutide, not a single peptide.

Human trialsPeptide blend

Cartalax

Cartalax denotes the tripeptide Ala-Glu-Asp (AED). PubChem records this structure as CID 87815447; it is distinct from the four-residue AEDG peptide.

Preclinical researchPeptide

Cerebrolysin

Cerebrolysin is a peptide preparation evaluated as an adjunct in neurological treatment studies.

Human trialsPeptide blend

CJC-1295 (no DAC)

“CJC-1295 without DAC” is a commercial naming convention that must be distinguished from the albumin-binding CJC-1295 studied in the linked paper.

Anecdotal or unverifiedPeptide

CJC-1295 with DAC

CJC-1295 with DAC is a long-acting GHRH analogue designed to bind circulating albumin. Human studies measured GH and IGF-I responses; they did not establish the promoted recovery, sleep or body-composition benefits.

Limited clinical evidencePeptide

CT-388

CT-388 is a peptide-based dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist studied for obesity.

Human trialsPeptide

Dapiglutide

Dapiglutide is a dual GLP-1/GLP-2 receptor agonist peptide studied for obesity.

Human trialsPeptide

Dermorphin

Dermorphin is a potent opioid peptide originally isolated from amphibian skin.

Preclinical researchPeptide

Dihexa

Dihexa is an experimental angiotensin IV-derived peptidomimetic investigated in cognition research. Important early publications carry a retraction or a notice of concern, so their claims need explicit qualification.

Preclinical researchModified peptide

DSIP

DSIP, also called delta sleep-inducing peptide or emideltide, has been studied experimentally for sleep. Small historical human studies used IV administration; results do not establish a routine insomnia treatment.

Limited clinical evidencePeptide

Ecnoglutide

Ecnoglutide is a cAMP-biased GLP-1 receptor agonist studied for weight management.

Human trialsPeptide

Epitalon

Epitalon (Epithalon; AEDG) is a synthetic tetrapeptide studied in cellular aging research. Human cells in a laboratory are not treated patients, and results for pineal extracts cannot automatically be attributed to this specific peptide.

Preclinical researchPeptide

EPO

EPO is an erythropoietic hormone. This snapshot covers EPOGEN epoetin alfa; darbepoetin is a different medicine.

Approved product existsProtein

FLGR-242

FLGR-242 has a reported product description, summarized below. The exact molecular structure and its connection to clinical research remain unverified.

Anecdotal or unverifiedUnresolved identity

Follistatin 344

FS344 is a follistatin gene-expression construct studied using a viral vector; gene delivery differs from injecting purchased protein.

Preclinical researchProtein

FOXO4-DRI

FOXO4-DRI is an experimental peptide designed to disrupt FOXO4–p53 interaction in senescent cells.

Preclinical researchPeptide

GDF-8 (Myostatin)

GDF-8, or myostatin, is a negative regulator of skeletal-muscle growth.

Preclinical researchProtein

GHK

Copper-free GHK is Gly-His-Lys; it is distinct from the copper complex GHK-Cu.

Preclinical researchPeptide

GHK-Cu

GHK-Cu is the copper(II) complex of the three-amino-acid peptide glycyl-histidyl-lysine. Research has examined tissue repair and topical skin products. Free GHK, copper-bound GHK and other copper peptides are not interchangeable identities.

Limited clinical evidenceModified peptide

GHRP-2

GHRP-2 is an experimental growth-hormone secretagogue receptor agonist.

Limited clinical evidencePeptide

GHRP-6

GHRP-6 is a synthetic hexapeptide studied for stimulation of growth-hormone release.

Limited clinical evidencePeptide

Glepaglutide

Glepaglutide is a long-acting GLP-2 analogue studied in short bowel syndrome.

Human trialsPeptide

GLOW

GLOW is a blend name rather than a single peptide. Documented ingredient examples are provided below; the name does not guarantee a standard composition or clinical benefit.

Anecdotal or unverifiedPeptide blend

GLP-1 (Native)

Native GLP-1 is an incretin hormone; it is distinct from long-acting receptor-agonist medicines.

Limited clinical evidencePeptide

Glutathione

Glutathione is a tripeptide studied in multiple formulations and clinical contexts.

Limited clinical evidencePeptide

Gonadorelin

Gonadorelin is GnRH; pulsatile delivery and intermittent self-injection are distinct treatment approaches.

Human trialsPeptide

HCG

PREGNYL chorionic gonadotropin, 10,000 USP-unit multidose vial. This snapshot covers the named U.S. presentation only.

Approved product existsProtein

Hexarelin

Hexarelin is a synthetic growth-hormone-releasing hexapeptide.

Limited clinical evidencePeptide

HMG

MENOPUR menotropins, 75 IU FSH and 75 IU LH activity per vial. This snapshot covers the named U.S. presentation only.

Approved product existsPeptide blend

Humanin

Humanin is a short peptide identified through experiments on neuronal survival.

Preclinical researchPeptide

Hyaluronic Acid

Hyaluronic acid occurs in different products; approval applies to an identified device and use, not the ingredient universally.

Approved product existsNon-peptide

Icotrokinra

Icotrokinra is an oral peptide targeting the IL-23 receptor. FDA lists Icotyde for eligible patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis.

Approved product existsPeptide

IGF-1 DES

IGF-1 DES is an IGF-1 derivative lacking the first three N-terminal residues, Gly-Pro-Glu. The studied truncated molecule is distinct from intact IGF-1 and from LR3; its name does not establish a site-specific muscle-growth effect.

Preclinical researchProtein

IGF-1 LR3

IGF-1 LR3 is a modified IGF-1 research protein with a 13-residue N-terminal extension and an arginine replacing glutamate at position 3 of the IGF-1 sequence. It is structurally distinct from intact IGF-1 and DES.

Preclinical researchProtein

Insulin

HUMALOG insulin lispro; selected vial and pen instructions. This snapshot covers the named U.S. presentation only.

Approved product existsProtein

Ipamorelin

Ipamorelin is an investigational GH-releasing peptide. Human IV studies examined hormone responses and postoperative bowel recovery; they do not establish the sleep, fat-loss or “gentle starter peptide” claims sometimes used in marketing.

Human trialsPeptide

Kisspeptin-10

Kisspeptin-10 is a kisspeptin isoform that stimulates the reproductive hormone axis.

Limited clinical evidencePeptide

KLOW

KLOW is a blend name rather than a single peptide. Documented ingredient examples are provided below; the name does not guarantee a standard composition or clinical benefit.

Anecdotal or unverifiedPeptide blend

KP-54

This entry covers kisspeptin-54; it is distinct from kisspeptin-10 and is not an interchangeable dose.

Limited clinical evidencePeptide

KPV

KPV is the tripeptide lysine–proline–valine, investigated for anti-inflammatory effects. Its cited gut research used cells and mice; it does not establish treatment of human bowel disease.

Preclinical researchPeptide

L-Carnitine

L-carnitine is a metabolic nutrient; this selected trial studied oral levocarnitine.

Limited clinical evidenceNon-peptide

Larazotide acetate

Larazotide acetate is an investigational tight-junction regulator studied in celiac disease.

Human trialsPeptide

Lemon Bottle

Lemon Bottle is a commercial product name, not a verified single peptide.

Anecdotal or unverifiedUnresolved identity

Linaclotide

Linaclotide is an oral peptide medicine that acts locally in the intestine; Linzess labeling covers specified constipation disorders.

Approved product existsPeptide

Liraglutide

VICTOZA liraglutide 6 mg/mL prefilled pen. This snapshot covers the named U.S. presentation only.

Approved product existsPeptide

LL-37

LL-37 is a human cathelicidin peptide studied in immune biology and wound repair. Human trials have tested topical wound formulations; those trials do not validate injected LL-37 for infections.

Human trialsPeptide

Matrixyl

This entry covers palmitoyl pentapeptide-4 (pal-KTTKS); other Matrixyl-branded blends require separate evaluation.

Limited clinical evidenceModified peptide

Mazdutide

Mazdutide is a dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist.

Human trialsPeptide

Melanotan I (Afamelanotide)

SCENESSE afamelanotide implant. This snapshot covers the named U.S. presentation only.

Approved product existsPeptide

Melanotan II

Melanotan II is a synthetic cyclic seven-amino-acid analogue of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Small historical studies examined pigmentation and erections. It is a different compound from Melanotan I/afamelanotide and should not inherit that medicine’s product evidence.

Limited clinical evidencePeptide

Melatonin

Melatonin is a hormone involved in sleep timing, not a peptide.

Human trialsNon-peptide

MGF

MGF is used for both an IGF-1 splice-product context and a short synthetic E-peptide derived from its C-terminal region. These are different experimental materials. An MGF vial label alone does not identify the sequence, terminal modifications or equivalence to a full-length IGF-1 precursor.

Preclinical researchPeptide

MIC / Lipo-C

MIC / Lipo-C is a blend name rather than a single peptide. Documented ingredient examples are provided below; the name does not guarantee a standard composition or clinical benefit.

Anecdotal or unverifiedNon-peptide

MID-35

MID-35 is a synthetic myostatin-inhibitory D-peptide studied for muscle growth. It is distinct from follistatin proteins and FLGR-242 marketing claims.

Preclinical researchPeptide

MK-677 (Ibutamoren)

MK-677, or ibutamoren, is an oral small-molecule ghrelin mimetic, not a peptide.

Human trialsNon-peptide

MOTS-c

MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded in the mitochondrial 12S rRNA region. It is investigated in metabolism and exercise biology; endogenous measurements in humans do not establish benefits from taking it.

Preclinical researchPeptide

N-Acetyl Selank

N-Acetyl Selank is an N-terminally acetylated Selank derivative. PubChem CID 133082488 describes a free C-terminal carboxylic acid. Additional C-terminal amidation would define a different structure; a parent Selank or acetate-salt label does not identify this modification.

Anecdotal or unverifiedPeptide

N-Acetyl Semax

N-Acetyl Semax adds an acetyl group to the N-terminus of Semax. The free-acid form and the additionally C-terminally amidated form have different chemical records. The name alone must not silently substitute an amidate for the free acid.

Preclinical researchPeptide

NAD+

NAD+ is a cellular cofactor, not a peptide. NAD+ and nicotinamide riboside are different substances.

Limited clinical evidenceNon-peptide

Oxytocin

Pitocin oxytocin, 10 units/mL pharmacy bulk package. This snapshot covers the named U.S. presentation only.

Approved product existsPeptide

P140

P140 is a phosphorylated spliceosomal peptide investigated as an immune-modulating treatment in lupus.

Human trialsPeptide

P21 / P021

P21/P021 denotes the CNTF-derived peptidomimetic indexed as P-21 in the ChemIDplus substance record linked to PubChem CID 56599151. It contains an acetylated DGGL core and a terminal adamantane-based modification; it is not the p21/CDKN1A protein.

Preclinical researchModified peptide

PE 22-28

PE 22-28 is a seven-residue spadin-derived research peptide studied at the TREK-1 channel.

Preclinical researchPeptide

PEG-MGF

PEG-MGF names a PEGylated mechano-growth-factor research construct. It should not be equated with full-length IGF-1Ec, native MGF or a non-PEGylated synthetic E-peptide. The exact sequence, PEG size, attachment site and product identity must be verified before a study can be matched to it.

Preclinical researchModified peptide

Pemvidutide

Pemvidutide is an investigational GLP-1/glucagon dual-receptor agonist.

Human trialsPeptide

Pentadeca Arginate

Pentadeca Arginate has a reported product description, summarized below. The exact molecular structure and its connection to clinical research remain unverified.

Anecdotal or unverifiedUnresolved identity

Petrelintide

Petrelintide is an investigational long-acting amylin analogue.

Human trialsPeptide

Pinealon

Pinealon is the experimental tripeptide Glu-Asp-Arg.

Preclinical researchPeptide

PL8177

PL8177 is a selective melanocortin-1 receptor agonist studied in a specialized oral formulation.

Limited clinical evidencePeptide

Plecanatide

Plecanatide is an oral peptide medicine used for adult chronic idiopathic constipation and irritable bowel syndrome with constipation.

Approved product existsPeptide

PNC-27

PNC-27 combines a p53-derived binding domain with a membrane-penetrating peptide.

Preclinical researchPeptide

PNC-28

PNC-28 combines a p53-derived segment with a cell-penetrating sequence; it is distinct from PNC-27.

Preclinical researchPeptide

Pramlintide

Pramlintide is an amylin analogue supplied as Symlin for selected insulin-treated patients with diabetes.

Approved product existsPeptide

PT-141 (Bremelanotide)

VYLEESI bremelanotide 1.75 mg/0.3 mL autoinjector. This snapshot covers the named U.S. presentation only.

Approved product existsPeptide

Retatrutide

Retatrutide is an investigational agonist of GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptors.

Human trialsPeptide

RFSH (Follitropin)

GONAL-f follitropin alfa multidose powder vials. This snapshot covers the named U.S. presentation only.

Approved product existsProtein

Rusfertide

Rusfertide is an injectable peptide that mimics hepcidin, an iron-regulating hormone.

Human trialsPeptide

Selank

Selank is the synthetic heptapeptide Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro studied in serum-enzyme experiments and small anxiety studies. This parent-peptide identity does not establish interchangeability with an N-acetyl derivative or a particular finished formulation.

Limited clinical evidencePeptide

Semaglutide

Semaglutide activates the GLP-1 receptor. This source check covers the U.S. Ozempic injection label; other semaglutide brands and formulations need their own prescribing information.

Approved product existsPeptide

Semax

Semax is the synthetic heptapeptide Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro, developed from an ACTH-fragment concept. Free base, acetate salt and N-terminally acetylated derivatives are different materials; a Semax label alone does not establish interchangeability.

Limited clinical evidencePeptide

Sermorelin

Sermorelin is GHRH(1–29) amide, studied as a growth-hormone secretagogue.

Limited clinical evidencePeptide

Setmelanotide

IMCIVREE setmelanotide 10 mg/mL multidose vial. This snapshot covers the named U.S. presentation only.

Approved product existsPeptide

SHLP2

SHLP2 is small humanin-like peptide 2, a mitochondrial-derived research peptide.

Preclinical researchPeptide

SHLP3

SHLP3 is small humanin-like peptide 3, distinct from SHLP2.

Preclinical researchPeptide

SLU-PP-332

SLU-PP-332 is a small-molecule ERR agonist, not a peptide.

Preclinical researchNon-peptide

SNAP-8

SNAP-8 refers to acetyl octapeptide-3; the selected study used it within a multi-ingredient microneedle patch.

Limited clinical evidencePeptide

Somatropin (HGH)

GENOTROPIN somatropin cartridges and MiniQuick devices. This snapshot covers the named U.S. presentation only.

Approved product existsProtein

SS-31 / Elamipretide

Elamipretide is a cardiolipin-binding peptide. Forzinity is a specific prescription formulation.

Approved product existsPeptide

Sterile Water for Injection

Henry Schein/Hospira Sterile Water for Injection, single-dose vial. This snapshot covers the named U.S. presentation only.

Approved product existsNon-peptide

Survodutide

Survodutide (BI 456906) is a dual glucagon/GLP-1 receptor agonist studied for obesity.

Human trialsPeptide

TB-500

TB-500 is a product name with inconsistent usage. A primary analytical study identified acetylated thymosin beta-4 residues 17–23, Ac-LKKTETQ, in the tested material.

Preclinical researchPeptide

Teduglutide

Teduglutide is a GLP-2 analogue supplied as Gattex for eligible patients with short bowel syndrome dependent on parenteral support.

Approved product existsPeptide

Tesamorelin

EGRIFTA WR tesamorelin 11.6 mg vial. This snapshot covers the named U.S. presentation only.

Approved product existsPeptide

Testagen

Testagen is the tetrapeptide Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly (KEDG) in the cited experimental literature. It is not a testosterone formulation.

Preclinical researchPeptide

Thymalin

Thymalin is a thymus-derived polypeptide complex, not a single defined peptide.

Preclinical researchPeptide blend

Thymosin α1

Thymosin alpha-1 is an immunomodulatory peptide studied in selected patient populations.

Human trialsPeptide

Tirzepatide

Tirzepatide activates GIP and GLP-1 receptors. This source check covers the U.S. Mounjaro injection label; it does not transfer instructions to other brands or compounded products.

Approved product existsPeptide

Vilon

Vilon is the dipeptide Lys-Glu (KE), explicitly named in animal experiments and a Russian human report.

Limited clinical evidencePeptide

VIP

Aviptadil is a synthetic vasoactive intestinal peptide studied in several clinical settings.

Human trialsPeptide

Vitamin B12

Henry Schein/Somerset cyanocobalamin 1,000 mcg/mL multidose injection. This snapshot covers the named U.S. presentation only.

Approved product existsNon-peptide

VK2735

VK2735 is an investigational dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist.

Human trialsPeptide
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